Skewed - Audio Book | Franklin on Fashion

Skewed – Audio Book

Skewed: Decoding media bias

By Caryn Franklin MBE & Professor Keon West, featuring special guests. Published exclusively in audiobook format by WFH Original (W.F. Howes). All references and citations for this audio book included below.

This book has been 5 years in the making. Four in gestation as a treatise on objectification and gender bias and searching for a publisher. Now, since hooking up with my friend Professor Keon West, it's a fuller, broader read to take in race, age, appearance gender and non binary identity.

The book is audio, hence the picture of Keon and I at the mic.

We both had a lot of fun creating it and we hope you will enjoy the listen. Packed with studies, personal reports and observations, confessions and both of us coming clean about our biases, we have interrogated bias and our lazy brains. Why is it we rely on stereotypes? How can we dismantle our biases? What would the world look like if we prioritised vigilance and inclusivity over heuristics (the way things have always been) and familiarity?

So as not to bore everyone with our study references in the audio book itself, we have posted them here. Knock yourself out!

Chapter 1. Not Neutral at All. 1 Pretty little lies and lazy brains

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.

Kahneman, D. (2012). Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin.

Chapter 1. Not Neutral at All. 2 Sex Sells

Bae, S. Y., Rudd, N., & Bilgihan, A. (2015). Offensive advertising in the fashion industry: Sexual objectification and ethical judgements of consumers. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 6(3), 236-249.

Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I. (1992). A theory of fads, fashion, custom, and cultural change as informational cascades. Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 992-1026.

Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I. (1998, May). Learning from the behaviour of others: Conformity, fads, and informational cascades. Journal of Economic Perspectives.

Cochrane, L. (2017, October 24th). Why has it taken so long for magazines to distance themselves from Terry Richardson? Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/shortcuts/2017/oct/24/terry-richardson-sexual-harrassment-vogue-conde-nast

Franklin, C. (2017, October 19th). The Fashion Industry's Complicity With Sexual Abuse Sucks. Retrieved from Refinery 29: https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2017/10/177314/fashion-models-sexual-harassment

Gramazio, S., Cadinu , M., Guizzo, F., & Carnaghi, A. (2021). Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions. Sex Roles (2021) :, 84, 701–719.

Jansson-Boyd, C. V. ( 2010). Consumer Psychology. Berkshire, UK: McGraw Hill.

Sauers, J. (2010, March 3rd). Meet Terry Richardson, The World's Most F—ked Up Fashion Photographer. Retrieved from Jezebel: https://jezebel.com/meet-terry-richardson-the-worlds-most-f-ked-up-fashion-5494634

Smith, P. (2022, March 3rd). Global apparel market - statistics & facts. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/topics/5091/apparel-market-worldwide/#dossierContents__outerWrapper

Chapter 2. FEMMES. 2 Some THING rather than someone.

BBC News. (2021, June 18). Why are rape prosecutions falling? Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48095118

Brownmiller, S. (2013 ). Against our Will. Open Road Media.

Fox, J. R. (2014). Sexualised avatars lead to women's self-objectification and acceptance of rape myths. Psychology of Women Quarterly,, 1-47. .

Giscombe, C. (2018, February 13). Sexual Harassment and Women of Colour. Retrieved from Catalyst: Workplaces that work for women: https://www.catalyst.org/blog/catalyzing/sexual-harassment-and-women-color

Gray, K. K. (2011). More than a body: Mind perception and the nature of objectification. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1-14.

Laughnan, S. H. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalisation: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, , 709–717.

Rosewarne, L. (2007). Pin-ups in public space: Sexist outdoor advertising as sexual harassment. Women's Studies International Forum, 30, 313–325.

UTSA. (2019, March 5th). Brenda Tracy shares her story. Retrieved from The official athletics website of the University of Texas San Antonio: https://goutsa.com/news/2019/3/1/athletics-brenda-tracy-shares-impactful-story-with-utsa-community.aspx

West, C. M., & Johnson, K. (2013). Sexual Violence in the lives of African American Women. National Online Rescource Centre on Violence Against Women VAWnet.org.

Wriggins, J. (1983). Rape Racism and the Law. Harvard Women’s Law.

Chapter 2. Femmes. 3 Sexism and Straight Jackets.

Atkinson, M. J., Stock, N. M., Alleva, J. M., Jankowski, G. S., Piran, N., Riley, S., . . . Williamson, H. (2020). Looking to the future : Priorities for translating research to impact in the field of appearance and body image. Body Image, 53-61. ISSN 1740-1445 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.

Bassett, L. (2022, March 5th). In Leaked Abortion Decision, Justice Alito Relies on Jurist Who Supported Marital Rape, Executed 'Witches'. Retrieved from Jezebel: https://jezebel.com/supreme-court-roe-v-wade-draft-cites-sir-matthew-hale-1848872890

Cossman, B. (2018, January 11th). Gender identity, gender pronouns, and freedom of expression: Bill C-16 and the traction of specious legal claims. Retrieved from University of Toronto Press Journals: https://utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/utlj.2017-0073

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review,, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573.

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573.

Fawcett Society. (2022, January). FAWCETT’S 2022 SEX AND POWER INDEX REVEALS THAT LESS THAN 1/3 OF UK’S TOP JOBS ARE FILLED BY WOMEN. Retrieved from https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/news/fawcetts-2022-sex-and-power-index-reveals-that-less-than-13-of-uks-top-jobs-are-filled-by-women

Furnham, A., & Li-Ping Tang, T. (2001). Male hubris and female humility? A crosscultural study of ratings of self, parental, and sibling multiple intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan. Retrieved from Researchgate: researchgate.net/publication/223906403_Male_hubris_and_female_humility_A_crosscultural_study_of_ratings_of_self_parental_and_sibling_multiple_intelligence_in_America_Britain_and_Japan

Gilder, L., & Clarke, J. (2021, April 5th). How many violent attacks and sexual assaults on women are there? Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/explainers-56365412

Goffman, I. (1979). Gender Advertisments. MacMillan Press.

Klofstad, C. A., Anderson, R. C., & Peters, S. (2012, March 14th). Sounds like a winner: voice pitch influences perception of leadership capacity in both men and women. Proceedings Royal Society B, 2698–2704 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2012.0311.

Letzer, R. (2018, October 2nd). A Physicist Said Women's Brains Make Them Worse at Physics — Experts Say That's 'Laughable. Retrieved from Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/63730-physicist-says-women-bad-at-physics.html

Maxwell, G. (2018). Why Are So Many Young Men Drawn to Jordan Peterson’s Intellectual Misogyny? Retrieved from APA Online: https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/02/20/why-are-so-many-young-men-drawn-to-jordan-petersons-intellectual-misogyny/

Miles, R. (1988). The Women's History of The World. London: Paladin.

Piran, N. (2017). Journeys of Embodiment at the Intersection of Body and Culture. The developmental Theory of Embodiment. London: Elsevier Academic Press.

refuge. (n.d.). Domestic Violence. Retrieved April 2022, from Refuge: refuge.org.uk/our-work/forms-of-violence-and-abuse/domestic-violence/domestic-violence-the-facts/

Rippon, G. (2019). The Gendered Brain. London: Penguin Random House .

Schwantes, M. (2018, June 7th). This Harvard Scientist Says Being a Rebel and Breaking The Rules Makes You a Better Leader. Retrieved from Inc.: https://www.inc.com/marcel-schwantes/how-can-you-tell-someone-has-true-leadership-skills-surprisingly-science-says-they-are-rebels-who-break-rules.html

Sharma, M. (2021, July 29th). Mother's earnings fall by almost half after giving birth to first child. Retrieved from HR Review: https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/mothers-earnings-fall-by-almost-half-after-giving-birth-to-first-child/136857

Sliwa, J. (2016, January 4th). Self-esteem gender gap more pronounced in western countries . Retrieved from American Psychological Association: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/01/self-esteem-gender

Stahler, K. (2014, June 4th). Study: Women on TV Murdered More Violently Than Men, But Why? Retrieved from Hollywood.com: https://www.hollywood.com/tv/tv-violence-against-women-vs-gun-violence-59084809

United Nations. (2020). Almost 90% of Men/Women Globally Are Biased Against Women. Retrieved from United Nations Development Programme: https://www.undp.org/press-releases/almost-90-men/women-globally-are-biased-against-women?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAjwsJ6TBhAIEiwAfl4TWDuw29hGR9KgFdw

Victor, D. (2016, March 24th). Microsoft Created a Twitter Bot to Learn From Users. It Quickly Became a Racist Jerk. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/technology/microsoft-created-a-twitter-bot-to-learn-from-users-it-quickly-became-a-racist-jerk.html

Vinopal, L. (2019, April 16). Why Am I Unhappy? Because All American Men Are Getting Sadder. Retrieved from Fatherly: https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/why-am-i-unhappy-because-american-men-are-sad/

Walker, B. G. (1983). The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Wolf, J. (2020, February 6th). 2020 Hollywood Diversity Report: A different story behind the scenes. Retrieved from UCLA: https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/2020-hollywood-diversity-report

Chapter 3 Masculinity. 1 What makes a man?

Brown, B. (2021). Daring Greatly How the Courage to be Vulnerable Transforms the Way we Live, Love, Parent and Lead . Penguin Random House.

Reynolds, A. L., & Caron, S. L. (2008). How Intimate Relationships Are Impacted When Heterosexual Men Crossdress. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 63-77.

Stanaland, A., & Gaither, S. (2021, January). Be a man': Why some men respond aggressively to threats to manhood. Retrieved from Sage Journals: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167220984298

Chapter 3 Masculinity. 2 Wounded in Battle

Miles, R. (1991). The Rites of Man. Love, Sex and Death in the Makeing of the Male. London: Grafton Books.

Chapter 3 Masculinity. 3 Wholehearted Men

ALundeberg, M., Punćcohaŕ, J., & Fox, P. (1994). Highly confident but wrong: Gender differences and similarities in confidence judgments. Journal of educational psychology, Lundeberg, M. A., Fox, P. W., & Punćcohaŕ, J. (1994). Journal of educational psychology, 86(1), 114.

Andrews, D. S. (2019, Oct 9th). Are Men And Women Equally Emotionally Intelligent? Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2019/10/09/are-men-and-women-equally-emotionally-intelligent/?sh=409a8d847939

Centre of Scholars and Story Tellers. (2019). 10 Research-based insights to evolve on screen male representation. UCLA.

Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013, August 22). Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders? Retrieved Feb 2022, from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2013/08/why-do-so-many-incompetent-men

Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2019, March 8th). Havard Business Review. Retrieved Feb 20202, from As Long as We Associate Leadership with Masculinity, Women Will Be Overlooked: https://hbr.org/2019/03/as-long-as-we-associate-leadership-with-masculinity-women-will-be-overlooked

Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Gallop, C. (2020, April 1st). 7 Leadership Lessons Men Can Learn from Women. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2020/04/7-leadership-lessons-men-can-learn-from-women

Creighton, K. (2018, July 11). Understanding the Costs of Incivility in the Workplace. Retrieved from HR Daily Advisor: https://hrdailyadvisor.blr.com/2018/07/11/understanding-costs-incivility-workplace/

Fogg, A. (2013, June 13). Comment of the week: whether men should cry. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/13/whether-men-should-cry

Guillén, L., Mayo, M., & Karelaia, N. (2018). Appearing self‐confident and getting credit for it: Why it may be easier for men than women to gain influence at work. Human Resource Management,, 57(4), 839-854.

Halim, M. L., Ruble, D. N., & Tamis-LeMonda , C. S. (2013). Four-year-olds' beliefs about how others regard males and females. British Journal of Development Psychology, . 2013 Mar;31(Pt 1):128-35. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2012.02084.x. Epub 2012 Sep 19. PMID: 23331111.

Hasson, O. (n.d.). Why Cry? Evolutionary Biologists Show Crying Can Strengthen Relationships. ScienceDaily, September, February 24, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090824141045.htm.

Menasce Horowitz, J., Igielnik, R., & Parker, K. (2018, September 20). Views on leadership traits and competencies and how they intersect with gender. Retrieved from Pew Reaserch Centre: https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/09/20/2-views-on-leadership-traits-and-competencies-and-how-they-intersect-with-gender/

Mind. (2019). Get it Off Your Chest 10 years on. London: Mind Mental Helath Charity.

Nahman, H. (2020, January 21). I Asked 1,000+ People About Crying at Work and the Answers Are… Emotional. Retrieved from Repeller.com: https://repeller.com/crying-at-work-2/

Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013, January/February). The Price of Incivility. Retrieved from Havard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2013/01/the-price-of-incivility

The Centre for Scholars and Storytellers. (2019). 10 Research based insights to evolve onscreen male representation. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c0da585da02bc56793a0b31/t/621559651077556c2c1d6c27/1645566312153/Boys+Tip+Sheet.pdf

The stronger sex? One in four men say they are 'failing' in life and face too much pressure to be successful, survey finds. (2019, February 25th). Retrieved from The Daily Mail: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6741115/One-four-British-men-say-failing-life-face-pressure-successful.html

Thompson, H. (2012, June). Is It OK for Men to Cry at Work? Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/trustedadvisor/2012/06/12/is-it-ok-for-men-to-cry-at-work/?sh=14c92c4369f7

Ward, L. M., & Aubrey, J. S. (2017 ). WATCHING GENDER How Stereotypes in Movies and on TV Impact Kids’ Development: Common Sense. San Francisco, CA.

Chapter 6 Racialising Blackness. 1 Racism - after a fashion

Saad, L. F. (2020). Me and White Supremacy. London: Quercus Editions Ltd.

Chapter 6 Racialising Blackness. 3 Naomi Campbell and the impact of nice white people’s racism

Crisp, R. (2016). The Social Brain. How diversity made the modern mind. LONDON: Robinson Publishing.

Fashion Roundtable and the All-Party Parliamentary Groups for Textiles, Fashion, Ethics and Sustainability . (2021). Representation and Inclusion within the Fashion Industry. London: Fashion Roundtable.

Hollaback. (n.d.). Bystander resources. Retrieved February 2022, from Hollaback: https://www.ihollaback.org/bystander-resources/

Levin, S. (2016, October 13). Delta accused of 'blatant discrimination' by black doctor after incident on flight. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/13/delta-discrimination-black-doctor-incident

Terry, R. (2020, October 29th). How to Be an Active Bystander When You See Casual Racism. Retrieved from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/smarter-living/how-to-be-an-active-bystander-when-you-see-casual-racism.html

The Decision Lab. (n.d.). Why do we treat our in-group better than we do our out-group? Retrieved Februrary 2022, from The Decision Lab: https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/in-group-bias/

Chapter 7 Racialising Whiteness. 2 White FEAR and the story of power.

Bendahan, S., Zehnder, C., Pralong, F. P., & Anton, J. (2015). Leader Corruption Depends on Power and Testosterone. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 101-122.

Galinsky, A. D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Magee, J. C. (2003). From Power to Action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 453–466.

Zimbardo, P. G., Haney, C., Banks W. C., B., & Jaffe, D. (1971). The Stanford Prison Experiment. Zimbardo, Incorporated.

Chapter 7 Racialising Whiteness. 3 It's good to talk

Adams, R. (2020, February 27th). Fewer than 1% of UK university professors are black, figures show. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/feb/27/fewer-than-1-of-uk-university-professors-are-black-figures-show

Chae, D., Rogers, L. O., & Tiffany Yip. (2020, June 25th). Talking about race is important, but not every family does it – or does it well. MStudioImages/Getty Images Most white parents don’t talk about racism with their kids. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/most-white-parents-dont-talk-about-racism-with-their-kids-140894

DiAngelo, R. (2019). White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism. Penguin.

Dodd, V. (2020, Dec 3rd). Young black males in London '19 times more likely to be stopped and searched. Retrieved from The Guardian: theguardian.com/law/2020/dec/03/young-black-males-in-london-19-times-more-likely-to-be-stopped-and-searched

Eddo-Lodge, R. (2018). Why I'm No Longer talking to White People About Race. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Kelm, N. (2021, April 22). Researchers Ask: How Do White Parents Talk About Race? Retrieved from The University of Vermont: https://www.uvm.edu/news/story/researchers-ask-how-do-white-parents-talk-about-race

Mooney, C., & Viskontas, I. (2014, May 9). The Science of Your Racist Brain: Neuroscientist David Amodio on subconscious racial prejudice and why we’re still responsible for our actions. Retrieved from Mother Jones: https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/05/inquiring-minds-david-amodio-your-brain-on-racism/

Nichols, D. (2010, August). Teaching Critical Whiteness Theory What college and university teachers need to know. Understanding and Dismantling Privilege , 1(1), https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.833.150&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Pahlke, E., Bigler, R. S., & Suizzo, M. A. (2012). Relations between colorblind socialization and children’s racial bias: Evidence from European American mothers and their preschool children. Child Development, 83, 1164–1179. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.

Perry, S. (2021, May 3rd). White Parents Need to Talk About Race with Younger Children, Too Survey reveals importance of talking about racism with White 8- to 12-year-olds when Black children start to experience it. Retrieved from Northwestern Institute for Policiy Research: ipr.northwestern.edu/news/2021/white-parents-need-to-talk-about-race-with-younger-children.html

Perry, S., Skinner-Dorkenoo, A. L., & Abaied, J. L. (2019, August). Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335399588_Bias_Awareness_Predicts_Color_Conscious_Racial_Socialization_Methods_among_White_Parents.

Reynolds, E. (2022). Longer talking for Black Families about race. The Psychologist.

Vittrup, B. (2018). Color Blind or Color Conscious? White American Mothers’ Approaches to Racial Socialization. Journal of Family Issues, 39(3), 668-692. doi:10.1177/0192513X16676858.

Watson, I. (2021, August 18th). Ad of the Day: 'Dear White Parents' urges families to educate their kids against racism. Retrieved Jan 2021, from Mother Jones: https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/08/18/ad-the-day-dear-white-parents-urges-families-educate-their-kids-against-racism?utm_campaign=Newsletter_Daily_EuropePM&utm_source=pardot&utm_medium=email

Chapter 6 Beyond the Binary. 1 Do or Deviant.

Anver, N. (2022, Feb 26). What I Did for My Trans Daughter Is Not ‘Child Abuse.’ It’s Love. Retrieved from Jezebel: https://jezebel.com/texas-mom-trans-daughter-greg-abbott-child-abuse-direct-1848596848

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.

Davies, M. (2020, May). Raising Theybies: Navigating within a Gendered World. (DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25357.56805, Producer) Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342512893_Raising_Theybies_Navigating_within_a_Gendered_World

Matei, A. (2020, July 8th). Raising a theybie: the parent who wants their child to grow up gender-free. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jul/08/parent-raising-gender-free-child

Mondschein, E. R., Adolph, K., & Tamis-LeMonda , C. S. (2001, January). Gender Bias in Mothers' Expectations about Infant Crawling. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12262612_Gender_Bias_in_Mothers'_Expectations_about_Infant_Crawling

Outright Action International. (2021, August 25). Terminology sorrounding gender identity and expression. Retrieved from Outright Action International: Human rights for LGBTIQ people everywhere: https://outrightinternational.org/content/terminology-surrounding-gender-identity-and-expression?gclid=Cj0KCQjw5-WRBhCKARIsAAId9Fn7QX-XiqOfxWK1HtlO8ESJWT-kXmOojefgmSaw0eGojln7XPSyjPoaAk8-EALw_wcB

Sussex University. (2016, April 21st). Medical Press. Retrieved from Gender stereotyping may start as young as 3 months—study of babies' cries shows: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-04-gender-stereotyping-young-monthsstudy-babies.html

Chapter 6 Beyond the Binary. 3 In a bind – humans and bodies.

Atkins, C. (2020, January 11). For transgender men, pain of menstruation is more than just physical. Retrieved from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/transgender-men-pain-menstruation-more-just-physical-n1113961

Green, D. (2020, March 17). Transphobia Project uses data visualisation to zoom in on outlets that spread biased transgender content. Retrieved from Journalism: https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/transphobia-project-aims-to-encourage-newsrooms-to-work-with-trans-communities-for-better-coverage/s2/a753238/

Hempel, J. (2016, Spetember 12). My Brother's Pregnancy and the Making of a New American Family. Retrieved from Time: https://time.com/4475634/trans-man-pregnancy-evan/

Roche, J. (2020). Gender Explorers: Our Stories of Growing Up TRANS and Changing the World. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Chapter 8 Sexual Orientation. 1. A sisterly tale of lesbian attraction

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2019

Fitzsimons, T. (2020, 28 Jan). Lesbians more accepted than gay men around the world, study finds. Retrieved from ABC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lesbians-more-accepted-gay-men-around-world-study-finds-n1118121

Grijak, D. (2017, 2017). Authenticity as a predictor of mental health. Klinička psihologija, 10(1-2), 23-34.

Jeffs, L. (2019, April 28). Why women leave men for women: What’s fuelling the rise of later-life lesbians? Retrieved from You Magazine: https://www.you.co.uk/later-life-lesbians/

LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998). Sex Differences in Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians: A Multidimensional Perspective. The Journal of Sex Research, 35(2), 189-196.

Poitras, C. (2019, June 13). The ‘Global Closet’ is Huge—Vast Majority of World’s Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Population Hide Orientation, YSPH Study Finds. Retrieved from Yale School of Medicine: https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/the-global-closet-is-hugevast-majority-of-worlds-lesbian-gay-bisexual-population-hide-orientation-ysph-study-finds/

Chapter 8 Sexual Orientation. 2 Keeping it real.

Brown, T. L., & Grant Smith , N. (2021). https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2021/december-2021/12142021-anti-gay-slurs-straight-men-nathan-grant-smith.php. Current Psychology, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-021-02489-7.

Bryna, J. (2012, April 10). Homophobes Might Be Hidden Homosexuals A new analysis of implicit bias and explicit sexual orientation statements may help to explain the underpinnings of anti-gay bullying and hate crimes. Retrieved from Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/homophobes-might-be-hidden-homosexuals/#

Kelley, N. (2019, July 11th). Over the rainbow? Retrieved from Nat Cen Social research that works for society: https://www.natcen.ac.uk/blog/over-the-rainbow

Pope, N. (n.d.). Meet The Straight Men Who Are Terrified They Are Gay. Retrieved May 2022, from Esquire.

Villines, Z. (2021, March 15th). What to know about internalized homophobia. Retrieved from Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/internalized-homophobia

Chapter 7 Sexual Orientation. 3 What is said and what is not said

BBC News. (2022, April 22nd). America's gun culture - in seven charts. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41488081

Blair, G. (2018, September 24th). Men Cause 100% of Unwanted Pregnancies. Retrieved from Human Parts: https://humanparts.medium.com/men-cause-100-of-unwanted-pregnancies-eb0e8288a7e5

Clark, J. (2010). GAY MONEY The truth about lesbian & gay economics. Retrieved from Joe Clark: https://joeclark.org/gaymoney/facts/

D’Emilio, J. (1983). Capitalism and gay identity. In Culture Society and Sexuality. Routledge.

Feinberg, A. (2022, May 21st). CPAC chief boasts US abortion ban could be part of solution to ‘great replacement’. Retrieved from Independant: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/abortion-birth-rate-cpac-racism-b2083725.html

Fickman, L. (2021, December 14th). Anti-Gay Slurs Not Targeted Just at Gay Men Threatened Straight Men Likely to Use Slurs Against Other Straight Men. Retrieved from University of Houston: https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2021/december-2021/12142021-anti-gay-slurs-straight-men-nathan-grant-smith.php

Glenza, J. (2022, May 19th). Oklahoma Republican-led legislature passes nation’s strictest abortion ban. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/oklahoma-abortion-ban-strictest

Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2019, June 13th). How many sexual minorities are hidden? Projecting the size of the global closet with implications for policy and public health. PLOS One, 14(6), https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0218084.

White, M. C. (2022, May 5th). How limiting abortion access hurts women financially Overturning Roe v. Wade would force some women to carry unplanned pregnancies to term, affecting their education, career advancement, earning power and ability to build wealth. Retrieved from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/limiting-abortion-access-hurts-women-financially-roe-v-wade-rcna27291

Chapter 8 Appearance Pressure. 1 Body shame in all shapes and sizes

Barry, B. (2014). Why Reflect Reality? an Exploratory Study on the Effectiveness of Traditionally Attravive Models (Tams) and Reasitically Attractive Models (Rams) in Fashion and Beauty Advertising. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the 2008 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference (pp. 214-218). Springer.

Dauxerre, V. (2017). Size Zero My life as a disappearing model. London: Harper Collins.

Dennet, K., & Dennehy, B. (2022, March 31). Danielle Lloyd flaunts her incredible post-baby body in skimpy purple two-piece just four months after giving birth to daughter Autumn. Retrieved from Mail Online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-10672161/Danielle-Lloyd-flaunts-incredible-physique-bikini-four-months-giving-birth.html

Fisher, M., & Keil, F. C. (2018). The Binary Bias: A Systematic Distortion in the Integration of Information. Retrieved from Psychological Science: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797618792256

Flint, S. W., Hudson, J., & Lavallee, D. (2015). UK adults’ implicit and explicit attitudes towards obesity: a cross-sectional study. Retrieved from BMC Obesity: https://bmcobes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40608-015-0064-2

Gay, R. (2017). The Hunger. London: Little Brown Book Group.

Girl Guiding UK. (2020). Girls Attitudes Survey. Retrieved from Girl Guiding UK: https://www.girlguiding.org.uk/globalassets/docs-and-resources/research-and-campaigns/girls-attitudes-survey-2020.pdf

Gordon, S. (2021, December 26). How Obesity and Bullying Are Connected . Retrieved from Very Well Family: https://www.verywellfamily.com/obesity-and-bullying-what-is-the-connection-460623

Johnson, B. C. (2020, April 1st). Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Retrieved from BMJ: https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m696

Mehta, A. (2021, June 28th). 'It is damaging for a young person': Parents call for weighing children at school to be scrapped. Retrieved from Sky News: https://news.sky.com/story/it-is-damaging-for-a-young-person-parents-call-for-weighing-children-at-school-to-be-scrapped-12344297

Tomiyama, J., Carr, D., Granberg, E., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A., & Brewis, A. (2018, August 15). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity ‘epidemic’ and harms health. Retrieved from BMC Medicine: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5

Willgress, L. (2015, December 12). Nearly HALF of teenage girls in England think they are 'too fat' with the situation worst for youngsters in Chelsea, body image study reveals. Retrieved from Mail Online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3357130/Nearly-HALF-teenage-girls-England-think-fat-situation-worst-youngsters-Chelsea-body-image-study-reveals.html

Chapter 8 Appearance Pressure. 2 Clothes as super power!

Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Enclothed cognition. Journal of experimental social psychology, 48(4), 918-925.

Ahmed, S., & Gorey, K. M. (2021). Employment discrimination faced by Muslim women wearing the hijab: exploratory meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC & CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK.

Fletcher, B. C. (2013, April 20). What Your Clothes Might Be Saying About You. Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/do-something-different/201304/what-your-clothes-might-be-saying-about-you

Forbes-Bell, S. (2022). Big Dress Energy. London: Little Brown Book Group.

Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2010). Clothing Color and Tipping. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism., 38(2), 275-280.

Howlett, N., Pine , K., Orakçıoğlu, I., & Fletcher , B. (2013). The influence of clothing on first impressions: Rapid and positive responses to minor changes in male attire. Retrieved from Emerald Insight: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13612021311305128/full/html

Keddie, A. (2017). Supporting and Educating Young Muslim Women Stories from Australia and the UK (Vol. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DC0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false). Taylor and Francis.

Salvatore, J., & Shelton, J. N. (2007 ). Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice. Psychological Science, 18(8), 810-815 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x.

Sha, A. A. (n.d.). Hijab stereotype: Lightening rod of discrimination against Muslim women in North America .

Ubel, P. (2017, February 28th). How The Psychology Of Income Inequality Benefits Luxury Brands. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterubel/2017/02/28/do-luxury-brands-benefit-from-income-inequality/?sh=6683b8fa27b5

Chapter 8 Appearance Pressure. 3 Surgical Bodies

BAAPS. (2020, March 9th). Cosmetic Surgery Trends: Reduction in overall numbers as industry associations campaign for education and tighter regulation. Retrieved from https://baaps.org.uk/about/news/1807/cosmetic_surgery_trends_reduction_in_overall_numbers_as_industry_associations_campaign_for_education_and_tighter_regulation/

Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychol Bull, 145(6), 610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194.

Crockett, R. J., Pruzinsky , T., & Persing , J. A. (2007). The influence of plastic surgery "reality TV" on cosmetic surgery patient expectations and decision making. Plast Reconstr Surg, . . . 2007 Jul;120(1):316-324. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000264339.67451.71. PMID: 17572581.

Furnham, A., & Levitas , J. (2012). Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery. The Canadian journal of plastic surgery = Journal canadien de chirurgie plastique, 20(4), e47–e50.

Khunger, N. (2015). Complications in Cosmetic Surgery: A Time to Reflect and Review and not Sweep Them Under the Carpet. Journal of cutaneous and aesthetic surgery, 8(4), 189–190. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.172188.

Kraft, T. L., & Pressman, S. D. (2012). Grin and bear it: The influence of manipulated facial expression on the stress response. Psychol Sci, 23(11), 1372-1378. doi:10.1177/0956797612445312.

McCarthy, N. (2021, July 2021). The World’s Love Affair With Plastic Surgery. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2021/07/14/the-worlds-love-affair-with-plastic-surgery-infographic/?sh=360c79c533d8

Pressman, S. D., Acevedo , A. M., Hammond , K. V., & Kraft-Feil, T. L. (2020, November 23). Smile (Or grimace) through the pain? The effects of experimentally manipulated facial expressions on needle-injection responses. Emotion, doi:10.1037/emo0000913.

Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2014). "I'm Your Number One Fan"- A Clinical Look at Celebrity Worship. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 11(2), 39–43.

Taylor, B., & DeBakey , M. E. (2021, September 22). What’s behind the increase in plastic and cosmetic surgery? Retrieved from Baylor College of Medicine: https://blogs.bcm.edu/2021/09/22/whats-behind-the-increase-in-plastic-and-cosmetic-surgery/

Townley, C. (2019, March 17). Cosmetic surgery is on the rise, new data reveal. Retrieved from Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324693#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Society,in%202018%20than%20in%202017.

Wood, A., Rychlowska , M., Korb , S., & Niedenthal, P. (2016). Fashioning the face: Sensorimotor simulation contributes to facial expression recognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 20(3), . =2016;:227-240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.010.

Chapter 9 Old is Gold. Story 1 How old is old?

Applewhite, A. (2016). This Chair Rocks A Manifesto Against Ageism. New York: Celadon Books.
Centre for Aging Better. (2021). Reframing Aging. Centre for Aging Better.

Dixon, A. (2021). The United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing requires concerted global action. Retrieved from Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-020-00011-5.pdf

Doyen, S. K. (2021). Behavioural priming: it's all in the mind, but whose mind? 7(1), e29081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029081.

Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype Embodiment A Psychosocial Approach to Aging. Current directions in psychological science, 18(6), 332–336.
People in mid-life most pessimistic about ageing. (2021, July). Retrieved from Centre for Aging Better: https://ageing-better.org.uk/news/people-mid-life-most-pessimistic-about-ageing

Shanb, A. A., & Youssef, E. F. (2014). The impact of adding weight-bearing exercise versus nonweight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis. Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 176 -181.

U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). 10 Myths about aging. Retrieved February 2022, from U.S Department of Health and Human Services: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/10-myths-about-aging

Windsor, T. D., Curtis, R. G., & Luszcz, M. A. (2015). Sense of purpose as a psychological resource for aging well. Developmental psychology, 7, 975-986.

Chapter 9 Old is Gold. Story 2 Grey hair and evil old women

Amnesty International UK. (2017). Black and Asian women MPs abused more online. Retrieved from Amnesty International UK: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/online-violence-women-mps

BBC News. (2008, December 5th). Scott settles Five legal action. Retrieved from BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7764644.stm

Daly, M. (1979). Gyn/Ecology The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. London: The Women's Press Ltd.

Ford, L. (2016, November 22nd). IPU Issues Brief on Sexism, Harassment and Violence Against Women

Parliamentarians. Retrieved from IKNOWPOLITICS: http://iknowpolitics.org/en/learn/knowledge-resources/report-white-paper/ipu-issues-brief-sexism-harassment-and-violence-against

Garner, S. J. (2021). A Hive of Her Own: Early Modern Women Beekeepers. Medieval Feminist Forum A Journal of Gender and Sexuality, 57(1).

History.com. (2020, October 20). History of Witches. Retrieved from History.com: https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/history-of-witches#:~:text=It's%20unclear%20exactly%20when%20witches,Samuel's%20spirit%20to%20help%20him

Kramer, H., & Sprenger, J. (1928). Malleus Maleficarum. London: Braken Books.

Minkowski, W. L. (1992). Women healers of the middle ages: selected aspects of their history. American journal of public health,, 82(2), https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2105/AJPH.82.2.288.

O'Leary, J. (2013). Where there are many women there are many witches': The Social and Intellectual Understanding of Femininity in the Malleus Maleficarum (1486). International Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6(1).

Sherwood, H. (2020, Sept 2020). 300 years on, will thousands of women burned as witches finally get justice? Retrieved Feb 2021, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/sep/13/300-years-on-will-thousands-of-women-burned-as-witches-finally-get-justice

Walker, B. G. (1985). The Crone, woman of age, wisdom and power. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Chapter 9 Old is Gold. Story 3 Is fashion thinking ageist?

Barry, B. (2014). Why Reflect Reality? an Exploratory Study on the Effectiveness of Traditionally Attractive Models (Tams) and Realistically Attractive Models (Rams) in Fashion and Beauty Advertising. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the 2008 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference (pp. 214-218). Springer.

Chapter 10 Our Palaeolithic Emotions

Cossman, B. (2018, January 11th). Gender identity, gender pronouns, and freedom of expression: Bill C-16 and the traction of specious legal claims. Retrieved from University of Toronto Press Journals: https://utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/utlj.2017-0073

Crisp, R. (2015). The Social Brain: How Diversity Made the Modern Mind. London: Little Brown Book.

Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-.

Feinberg, A. (2022, May 21st). CPAC chief boasts US abortion ban could be part of solution to ‘great replacement’. Retrieved from Independant: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/abortion-birth-rate-cpac-racism-b2083725.html

Maxwell, G. (2018). Why Are So Many Young Men Drawn to Jordan Peterson’s Intellectual Misogyny? Retrieved from APA Online: https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/02/20/why-are-so-many-young-men-drawn-to-jordan-petersons-intellectual-misogyny/

Miss World Beauty Queens and Bedlam (2022). [Motion Picture].

Murphy, J. (2016, November 4th). Toronto professor Jordan Peterson takes on gender-neutral pronouns. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37875695

Naughton, J. (2018, December 30th). This article is more than 3 years old The growth of internet porn tells us more about ourselves than technology. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/30/internet-porn-says-more-about-ourselves-than-technology#:~:text=Current%20revenue%20estimates%20for%20the,words%2C%20online%20porn%20is%20huge.

Ruisch, B. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2022). Changes in Americans’ prejudices during the presidency of Donald Trump. Nature Human Behaviour, 656–665 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01287-2.

Vinopal, L. (2019, April 16). Why Am I Unhappy? Because All American Men Are Getting Sadder. Retrieved from Fatherly: https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/why-am-i-unhappy-because-american-men-are-sad/

Wright, P. J., & Funk, M. (2013). Pornography Consumption and Opposition to Affirmative Action for Women: A Prospective Study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313498853.

Wright, T. (2020, July 21st). William Shatner’s NFT Collectibles Sell Out at Warp Speed. Retrieved from Cointelegraph, The future of money: https://cointelegraph.com/news/william-shatners-nft-collectibles-sell-out-at-warp-speed

Chapter 11 Inspiration matters

Big Issue. (2022, May 16th). The remarkable rise of Ncuti Gatwa. Big Issue.

Flood, A., & Knight , L. (2021, November 5th). Licensed to thrill: female novelist hired to expand the Bond Universe. The Guardian. Hard Copy. Retrieved from The Guardian.

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Leicht, C., & Randsley de Moura , G. (2014). Contesting gender stereotypes stimulates generalized fairness in the selection of leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.05.001.

Van Loo, K. J., & Rydell, R. J. (2013). On the experience of feeling powerful: Perceived power moderates the effect of stereotype threat on women’s math performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(3), 387-400.

Ofcom. (2021, April 28th). Children and parents: media use and attitudes report. Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/217825/children-and-parents-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2020-21.pdf

Rippon, G. (2019). The Gendered Brain. London: Penguin Random House .

Victor, D. (2016, March 24th). Microsoft Created a Twitter Bot to Learn From Users. It Quickly Became a Racist Jerk. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/technology/microsoft-created-a-twitter-bot-to-learn-from-users-it-quickly-became-a-racist-jerk.html

Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2022, March 29). Motivating Personal Growth by Seeking Discomfort. Retrieved from Association for Psychological Science: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09567976211044685?journalCode=pssa

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